Photoactivatable drugs targeting ligand-gated ion channels open up new opportunities for
light-guided therapeutic interventions. Photoactivable toxins targeting ion channels have the …

Phlotoxin-1 (PhlTx1) is a peptide previously identified in tarantula venom (Phlogius species)
that belongs to the inhibitory cysteine-knot (ICK) toxin family. Like many ICK-based spider …

Background and Purpose The Na V 1.7 channel is highly expressed in dorsal root ganglia
of the sensory nervous system and plays a central role in the pain signalling process. We …

The chemical synthesis of disulfide-rich peptides such as toxins can be accomplished by using
numerous orthogonal cysteine-protecting groups. Herein we report the use of the Hmb off/…

Na v 1.1 is an important pharmacological target as this voltage-gated sodium channel is
involved in neurological and cardiac syndromes. Channel activators are actively sought to try to …

Background and Purpose Protoxin II (ProTx II) is a high affinity gating modifier that is thought
to selectively block the Na v 1.7 voltage‐dependent Na + channel, a major therapeutic …

All five muscarinic receptors have important physiological roles. The endothelial M2 and M3
subtypes regulate arterial tone through direct coupling to Gq or Gi/o proteins. Yet, we lack …

The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) plays a role in energy homeostasis and represents a
target for treating energy balance disorders. For decades, synthetic ligands have been …

The scorpion toxin AmmTx3 is a specific blocker of K v 4 channels. It was shown to have
interesting potential for neurological disorders. In this study, we report the first chemical …

Ants use venom for predation, defense, and communication; however, the molecular diversity,
function, and potential applications of ant venom remains understudied compared to other …