The heparan sulfate (HS) chains of proteoglycans are a key regulatory component of the
extracellular matrices of animal cells, including the pericellular matrix around the plasma …

Intracellular signaling involving hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) controls the adaptive responses
to hypoxia. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that intracellular signals …

We compare the results of two-dimensional, biased random walk models of individual swimming
micro-organisms with advection–diffusion models for the whole population. In particular…

Random walks are used to model movement in a wide variety of contexts: from the movement
of cells undergoing chemotaxis to the migration of animals. In a two‐dimensional biased …

Recently published experimental observations of slender bacteria swimming in channel flow
demonstrate that the bacteria become trapped in regions of high shear, leading to reduced …

In early preclinical drug development, potential candidates are tested in the laboratory
using isolated cells. These in vitro experiments traditionally involve cells cultured in a two-…

The development of improved, innovative models for the detection of toxicity of drugs, chemicals,
or chemicals in cosmetics is crucial to efficiently bring new products safely to market in …

There is much current interest in modelling suspensions of algae and other micro-organisms
for biotechnological exploitation, and many bioreactors are of tubular design. Using …

Suspensions of microswimmers are a rich source of fascinating new fluid mechanics. Recently
we predicted the active pipe flow dispersion of gyrotactic microalgae, whose orientation is …

HIF (hypoxia inducible factor) is an oxygen-regulated transcription factor that mediates the
intracellular response to hypoxia in human cells. There is increasing evidence that cell …