Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in Parkinson's disease have increased
the scope of biological knowledge about the disease over the past decade. We aimed to …

Evidence of clinical, genetic and pathological heterogeneity of Parkinson disease continues
to emerge, but clearly defined subtypes that hold up in more than one of these domains …

Background Increasing evidence supports an extensive and complex genetic contribution to
PD. Previous genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have shed light on the genetic …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and
is characterized pathologically by degeneration of catecholaminergic neurons of the …

Autosomal-recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP) is caused by loss-of-function mutations
of the parkin gene. Parkin, a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, is responsible for the …

Mutations in the PARK2 gene coding for parkin cause autosomal recessive juvenile
parkinsonism (AR-JP), a familial form of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Parkin functions as an E3 …

We performed the largest genome-wide association study of PD to date, involving the
analysis of 7.8M SNPs in 37.7K cases, 18.6K UK Biobank proxy-cases, and 1.4M controls. We …

Camptocormia is characterized by an abnormal posture of the trunk with pronounced flexion
of the thoraco‐lumbar spine during standing and walking, which abates in a supine position…

Mutations in the genes coding for α-synuclein and parkin cause autosomal-dominant and
autosomal-recessive forms of Parkinson's disease (PD), respectively. α-Synuclein is a major …

In rats, striatal histotoxic hypoxic lesions produced by the mitochondrial toxin malonate resemble
those of focal cerebral ischemia. Intrastriatal injections of malonate induced cleavage of …