Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are immunotherapy targets in chronic infection and cancer, but
a comprehensive assessment of Tex cell diversity in human disease is lacking. Here, we …

Animal models are an essential feature of the vaccine design toolkit. Although animal models
have been invaluable in delineating the mechanisms of immune function, their precision in …

T-bet and CD11c expression in B cells is linked with IgG 2c isotype switching, virus-specific
immune responses, and humoral autoimmunity. However, the activation requisites and …

Anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1) immunotherapy reinvigorates CD8 T cell responses
in patients with cancer but PD-1 is also expressed by other immune cells, including follicular …

Although influenza vaccination is recommended for all adults annually, the incidence of
vaccine failure, defined as weak or absent increase in neutralizing Ab titers, is increased in the …

T follicular helper (T FH ) CD4 cells are crucial providers of B cell help during adaptive
immune responses. A circulating population of CD4 T cells, termed cT FH , have similarity to …

The use of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines will play the major role in helping
to end the pandemic that has killed millions worldwide. COVID-19 vaccines have resulted …

There is an urgent need to develop policies that maximize the number of people who receive
vaccines without sacrificing the efficacy of immune protection given that we are still in the …

The elimination of infected or tumor cells by direct lysis is a key T and NK cell effector
function. T and NK cells can kill target cells by coordinated secretion of cytotoxic granules …

The advent of COVID-19 vaccines will play a major role in helping to end the pandemic that
has killed millions worldwide. Vaccine candidates have demonstrated robust humoral …