In this review we examine the hypothesis that aquatic birds are the primordial source of all
influenza viruses in other species and study the ecological features that permit the …

Background In May, 1997, a 3-year-old boy in Hong Kong was admitted to the hospital and
subsequently died from influenza pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, Reye's …

We have developed an eight-plasmid DNA transfection system for the rescue of infectious
influenza A virus from cloned cDNA. In this plasmid-based expression system, viral cDNA is …

Genetic and biologic observations suggest that pigs may serve as “mixing vessels” for the
generation of human-avian influenza A virus reassortants, similar to those responsible for the …

Plasmid DNAs expressing influenza virus hemagglutinin glycoproteins have been tested for
their ability to raise protective immunity against lethal influenza challenges of the same …

The receptor specificity of 56 H2 and H3 influenza virus isolates from various animal species
has been determined to test the relevance of receptor specificity to the ecology of influenza …

We determined the origin and evolutionary pathways of the PB1 genes of influenza A viruses
responsible for the 1957 and 1968 human pandemics and obtained information on the …

Influenza A viruses isolated from the cloaca of naturally infected feral ducks replicate in the
lungs and in the cells lining the intestinal tract of feral and domestic ducks. Despite the low …

The origin of the H5N1 influenza viruses that killed six of eighteen infected humans in 1997
and were highly pathogenic in chickens has not been resolved. These H5N1 viruses …

In late summer through early winter of 1998, there were several outbreaks of respiratory
disease in the swine herds of North Carolina, Texas, Minnesota, and Iowa. Four viral isolates …