Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 301–312 Abstract Leaf mechanical properties strongly influence
leaf lifespan, plant–herbivore interactions, litter decomposition and nutrient cycling, but …

We discuss studies of foliar endophytic fungi (FEF) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
associated with Theobroma cacao in Panama. Direct, experimentally controlled comparisons …

Understanding distribution patterns and multitrophic interactions is critical for managing bat‐
and bird‐mediated ecosystem services such as the suppression of pest and non‐pest …

Colletotrichum interacts with numerous plant species overtly as symptomatic pathogens and
cryptically as asymptomatic endophytes. It is not known whether these contrasting …

Most forest birds include arthropods in their diet, sometimes specializing on arthropods that
consume plant foliage. Experimental tests of whether bird predation on arthropods can …

… The meta-analysis of Van Bael et al. (9), which was based upon a subset of the data
presented here (n = 48 studies), found parallel results for bird effects on predaceous and …

It is increasingly recognized that macro-organisms (corals, insects, plants, vertebrates)
consist of both host tissues and multiple microbial symbionts that play essential roles in their …

… (2007) inventoried a total of 206 tree species in cacao agroforests in southern Cameroon,
with a dominance of fruit species including the native oil palm; Van Bael et al. (2007) found …

… cucumber growing outdoors in Gamboa (Van Bael et al., 2012a)… followed the methodology
described in Van Bael et al. (2009a)… Estrada, SA Van Bael & WT Wcislo, unpublished), most of …

Understanding variation in leaf functional traits—including rates of photosynthesis and
respiration and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus—is a fundamental challenge in plant …