Many psychiatric patients do not respond to conventional therapy. There is a vast effort to
investigate possible mechanisms involved in treatment resistance, trying to provide better …

Addiction to psychostimulant drugs, such as cocaine, D-amphetamine, and methamphetamine,
is a public health issue that substantially contributes to the global burden of disease. …

Background and Purpose Although useful as a rapid-acting antidepressant drug, ketamine
is known to induce psychotomimetic effects, which may interfere with its therapeutic use. …

… Stanquini LA, Biojone C, Guimarães FS and Joca SR. Repeated treatment with nitric
oxide synthase inhibitor attenuates learned helplessness development in rats and increases …

Nitric oxide (NO) is an atypical neurotransmitter that has been related to the pathophysiology
of major depression disorder. Increased plasma NO levels have been reported in …

Galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) are multifunctional glycan-binding proteins,
expressed in the brain and in its limbic structures that are involved in behavioral control. Gal-1 …

The prelimbic cortex (PL), a limbic structure, sends projections to areas involved in the
control of cardiovascular responses. Stimulation of the PL with acetylcholine (ACh) evokes …

Rationale Cannabis sativa is the most widely used drug by adolescents globally. The
recreational use of synthetic cannabinoids by teenagers has also grown in recent years. Despite …

Cannabidiol (CBD) was initially isolated from the cannabis sativa plant in the 1940s by R.
Adams and AR Todd. Raphael Mechoulam’s laboratory characterized its chemical structure. In …

Depressed individuals and stressed animals show enhanced levels of glutamate and neuronal
nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity in limbic structures, including the vmPFC. Systemic …