… the close relationship of elephant and mammoth albumins (12); it also placed the extinct
Tasmanian wolf within the genealogical tree for extant carnivorous marsupials (12) and Steller’s …

It has been suggested that evolutionary changes in gene expression account for most
phenotypic differences between species, in particular between humans and apes. What general …

Recent advances in high‐thoughput DNA sequencing have made genome‐scale analyses
of genomes of extinct organisms possible. With these new opportunities come new difficulties …

… Sources of DNA include dried skins (S) up to 80 years old, tissues preserved in alcohol (A), …
The rate of replacement is about S times lower in the lineage leading to fish (F) than on …

We present a high-quality genome sequence of a Neanderthal woman from Siberia. We
show that her parents were related at the level of half-siblings and that mating among close …

The analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been a potent tool in our understanding of
human evolution, owing to characteristics such as high copy number, apparent lack of …

… To assess significance, we estimated Spearman’s correlation ρ and standard errors on ρ
using a block jackknife 37 with 10-Mb blocks (Supplementary Information section 8). …

… b, Spearman’s correlations between humans and the other species. Coloured envelopes
show ranges of values obtained in 100 bootstrap replicates. c, Expression evolution rates on …

Although humans and their closest evolutionary relatives, the chimpanzees, are 98.7%
identical in their genomic DNA sequences, they differ in many morphological, behavioral, and …

… DNA was extracted by a modification of the Blin and Stafford procedure (15) that has been
described by Paabo et al. (16). After ethanol precipitation, a brown contaminant, probably …