… (π s ) has an expected value equal to twice this quantity under driftmutation equilibrium. In the
nuclear genome, π s … In contrast, π s for animal mitochondrial genomes is generally higher …

Horizontal transfer is the passage of genetic material between genomes by means other
than parent-to-offspring inheritance. Although the transfer of genes is thought to be crucial in …

… Subsequently, two nurses who had been involved in Duncan’s treatment became ill and
tested positive for Ebola on October 12 and 15 th , respectively [47, 50]. Both nurses made a full …

… Measures of the relative rate of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions to the substitution
rate at synonymous sites (K a /K s ) indicate that the paralogs within our gene set generally …

Cryptophyte and chlorarachniophyte algae are transitional forms in the widespread secondary
endosymbiotic acquisition of photosynthesis by engulfment of eukaryotic algae. Unlike …

… 94 C for 30 s, annealing between 48–54 C based on element-specific gradients (for 30 s),
and … kit (Stratagene) following manufacturer’s protocols and successfully transformed bacterial …

Manduca sexta, known as the tobacco hornworm or Carolina sphinx moth, is a lepidopteran
insect that is used extensively as a model system for research in insect biochemistry, …

Bumblebees are a diverse group of globally important pollinators in natural ecosystems and
for agricultural food production. With both eusocial and solitary life-cycle phases, and some …

We report the discovery of endogenous viral elements (EVEs) from Hepadnaviridae, Bornaviridae
and Circoviridae in the speckled rattlesnake, Crotalus mitchellii, the first viperid snake …

Knowledge of the genome-wide rate and spectrum of mutations is necessary to understand
the origin of disease and the genetic variation driving all evolutionary processes. Here, we …