In vitro display technologies, best exemplified by phage and yeast display, were first described
for the selection of antibodies some 20 years ago. Since then, many antibodies have …

The ability to perturb genes in human cells is crucial for elucidating gene function and holds
great potential for finding therapeutic targets for diseases such as cancer. To extend the …

Publisher Summary Phage display, as it is practiced today for the selection of naive peptide
binders, mirrors the natural immune system. A large and diverse set of peptides can be …

Over the past year, methods for the construction of M13 phage-display libraries have been
significantly improved and new display formats have been developed. Phage-displayed …

Phage display is achieved by fusing polypeptide libraries to phage coat proteins. The
resulting phage particles display the polypeptides on their surfaces and they also contain the …

The ubiquitin system regulates virtually all aspects of cellular function. We report a method
to target the myriad enzymes that govern ubiquitination of protein substrates. We used …

Posttranslational modification of proteins with polyubiquitin occurs in diverse signaling
pathways and is tightly regulated to ensure cellular homeostasis. Studies employing ubiquitin …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critically regulated by β-arrestins, which not only
desensitize G-protein signalling but also initiate a G-protein-independent wave of signalling 1 …

Shotgun scanning combinatorial mutagenesis was used to study the antigen-binding site of
Fab2C4, a humanized monoclonal antibody fragment that binds to the extracellular domain …

PDZ domains are protein–protein interaction modules that recognize specific C-terminal
sequences to assemble protein complexes in multicellular organisms. By scanning billions of …