Aquaculture is the fastest-growing farmed food sector and will soon become the primary
source of fish and shellfish for human diets. In contrast to crop and livestock production, …

The interplay between nutrition and immune system is well recognised, however the true
integration of research between nutrition, animal energy status and immune function is still far …

The rhythm of life on earth is shaped by seasonal changes in the environment. Plants and
animals show profound annual cycles in physiology, health, morphology, behaviour and …

Gut microbes are key players in host immune system priming, protection and development,
as well as providing nutrients to the host that would be otherwise unavailable. Due to this …

The mucosal surfaces of all vertebrates have been exposed to similar evolutionary pressures
for millions of years. In terrestrial vertebrates such as birds and mammals, the nasopharynx-…

The high dietary protein requirements of salmonid fish are met with fishmeal-based feed in
commercial aquaculture. The sustainability of this practice is questionable and, therefore, the …

Background The functional divergence of duplicate genes (ohnologues) retained from whole
genome duplication (WGD) is thought to promote evolutionary diversification. However, …

In mammals, IL-21 is a common γ chain cytokine produced by activated CD4+ T cells and
NKT cells that acts on multiple lineages of cells. Although IL-21 has also been discovered in …

Background The immune response is an energy demanding process, which has effects in
many physiological pathways in the body including protein and lipid metabolism. During an …

The intestine, being a multifunctional organ central to both nutrient uptake, pathogen recognition
and regulating the intestinal microbiome, has been subjected to intense research. This …