Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous, prevalent, chronic autoimmune disease
characterized by painful swollen joints and significant disabilities. Symptomatic relief can be …

The inflammasome regulates the release of caspase activation-dependent cytokines,
including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18 and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 . By …

Active research at the frontiers of immunology and neuroscience has identified multiple points
of interaction and communication between the immune system and the nervous system. …

The nervous system regulates immunity and inflammation. The molecular detection of
pathogen fragments, cytokines, and other immune molecules by sensory neurons generates …

Extracellular high-mobility group box (HMGB)1 mediates inflammation during sterile and
infectious injury and contributes importantly to disease pathogenesis. The first critical step in the …

Innate immune receptors for pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs
and DAMPs) orchestrate inflammatory responses to infection and injury. Secreted by …

Multicellular organisms have co-evolved with complex consortia of viruses, bacteria, fungi
and parasites, collectively referred to as the microbiota 1 . In mammals, changes in the …

High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is an evolutionary ancient nuclear protein that
exerts divergent biological tasks inside and outside of cells. The functions of HMGB1 depend …

Severe sepsis, a syndrome that complicates infection and injury, affects 750,000 annually in
the United States. The acute mortality rate is approximately 30%, but, strikingly, sepsis …

The mammalian immune system and the nervous system coevolved under the influence of
cellular and environmental stress. Cellular stress is associated with changes in immunity and …