Macrophages have important protective functions during infection with herpes simplex virus
type 1 (HSV-1). However, molecular mechanisms that restrict viral propagation and protect …

During viral infection, tight regulation of CD8 + T-cell functions determines the outcome of
the disease. Recently, others and we determined that the natural killer (NK) cells kill …

Immune activation within the tumor microenvironment is one promising approach to induce
tumor regression. Certain viruses including oncolytic viruses such as the herpes simplex …

In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which sphingolipids modulate virus
multiplication and the host innate immune response, using a number of host-virus systems as …

Infections can result in a temporarily restricted unresponsiveness of the innate immune
response, thereby limiting pathogen control. Mechanisms of such unresponsiveness are well …

Background: Tamoxifen (TAM) is an estrogen-receptor antagonist, widely used in the adjuvant
treatment of early stage estrogen-sensitive breast cancer. Several studies have revealed …

Clinically used human vaccination aims to induce specific antibodies that can guarantee
long-term protection against a pathogen. The reasons that other immune components often fail …

Ebola virus epidemics can be effectively limited by the VSV-EBOV vaccine (Ervebo) due to
its rapid protection abilities; however, side effects prevent the broad use of VSV-EBOV as …

Background/Aims: Unexpected transmissions of viral pathogens during solid organ transplantation
(SOT) can result in severe, life-threatening diseases in transplant recipients. Immune …

The replication of viruses in secondary lymphoid organs guarantees sufficient amounts of
pattern-recognition receptor ligands and antigens to activate the innate and adaptive immune …