The anatomy of the mammalian visual system, from the retina to the neocortex, is organized
hierarchically 1 . However, direct observation of cellular-level functional interactions across …

To understand how the brain processes sensory information to guide behavior, we must know
how stimulus representations are transformed throughout the visual cortex. Here we report …

Transgenic mouse lines are invaluable tools for neuroscience but, as with any technique,
care must be taken to ensure that the tool itself does not unduly affect the system under study. …

Background Many animals extract specific cues from rich visual scenes to guide appropriate
behaviors. Such cues include visual motion signals produced both by self-movement and …

Fluorescent calcium indicators are often used to investigate neural dynamics, but the relationship
between fluorescence and action potentials (APs) remains unclear. Most APs can be …

Vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons in the cortex regulate feedback
inhibition of pyramidal neurons through suppression of somatostatin-expressing (SST) …

Nullius in verba (‘trust no one’), chosen as the motto of the Royal Society in 1660, implies
that independently verifiable observations—rather than authoritative claims—are a defining …

The mammalian visual system, from retina to neocortex, has been extensively studied at
both anatomical and functional levels. Anatomy indicates the cortico-thalamic system is …

Extracellular electrophysiology and two-photon calcium imaging are widely used methods
for measuring physiological activity with single-cell resolution across large populations of …

In sensory systems, neurons are generally characterized by their receptive field, namely the
sensitivity to activity patterns at the input of the circuit. To assess the role of the neuron in the …