For optimal individual performance within any equestrian discipline horses must be in peak
physical condition and have the correct psychological state. This review discusses the …

Numerous neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders are associated with deficits in
executive functions such as working memory and cognitive flexibility. Progress in developing …

Stress-induced changes in mesoaccumbens dopamine neurophysiology have been associated
with the development of stereotypic behaviour in in-bred strains of laboratory rodents. …

Spontaneous stereotypic behaviour (SB) is common in many captive animal species, as well
as in humans with some severe psychiatric disorders, and is often cited as being related to …

Stereotypic behaviors are commonly observed in domestic equids as they are in a range of
captive nondomesticated species. Estimates suggest that 19.5%-32.5% of horses perform a …

Measuring animal stress is fundamentally important for assessing animal emotional state
and welfare. Conventional methods of quantifying stress (cortisol levels, heart rate/heart rate …

Behavioural needs are highly motivated actions critical to a species survival and reproduction.
Prolonged restriction of these behaviours can lead to stereotypic behaviours (SB) in …

Horses displaying an oral stereotypy were tested on an instrumental choice paradigm to
examine differences in learning from non-stereotypic counterparts. Stereotypic horses are …

Over three years, seven hundred and sixty two 14-month-old Bluefaced Leicester crossbred
ewe lambs were individually exposed to a 6-min arena test designed to evaluate the …

Understanding the neural circuits underlying equine behaviour has the potential to help
optimise strategies of husbandry and training. This review discusses two areas of …