Autophagy is a process in which subcellular membranes undergo dynamic morphological
changes that lead to the degradation of cellular proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. This …

Research in autophagy continues to accelerate, 1 and as a result many new scientists are
entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for …

This paper proposes a novel control strategy of a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converter
with no power-source voltage sensors. The strategy has two main features to improve a total …

The activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is central to innate and adaptive immunity 1 , 2 ,
3 . All TLRs use the adaptor MyD88 for signalling 4 , but the mechanisms underlying the …

Nutrients and bioenergetics are prerequisites for proliferation and survival of mammalian
cells 1 , 2 . We present evidence that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 Kip1 , is …

Recent clinical data shows that arsenic trioxide (As 2 O 3 ) causes remission in patients with
acute promyelocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma without severe side effects. Laboratory …

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a downstream effector of the phosphatidylinositol
3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway and a central modulator of cell …

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) are the two
most important mechanisms that normally repair or remove abnormal proteins. Alterations …

Autophagy is a response of cancer cells to various anticancer therapies. It is designated as
programmed cell death type II and characterized by the formation of autophagic vacuoles in …

The role of autophagy in oncogenesis remains ambiguous, and mechanisms that induce
autophagy and regulate its outcome in human cancers are poorly understood. The maternally …