Analysis of human pathology led Braak to postulate that α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology could
spread from the gut to brain via the vagus nerve. Here, we test this postulate by assessing α-…

… such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease 3 , 4 , … mouse model of sporadic
Parkinson’s disease 14 , 15 . NLY01 … the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and related neurologic …

INTRODUCTION Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative
disorder and leads to slowness of movement, tremor, rigidity, and, in the later stages of PD, …

INTRODUCTION Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative
disorder. Intracellular protein aggregates composed primarily of α-synuclein lead to …

Excessive poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activation kills cells via a cell-death
process designated “parthanatos” in which PAR induces the mitochondrial release and …

Mutations in PARK2/Parkin, which encodes a ubiquitin E3 ligase, cause autosomal
recessive Parkinson disease (PD). Here we show that the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl …

c-Abl is activated in the brain of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
(MPTP)-intoxicated mice where it inhibits parkin through tyrosine …

The defining pathogenic feature of Parkinson's disease is the age-dependent loss of
dopaminergic neurons. Mutations and inactivation of parkin, an ubiquitin E3 ligase, induce …

Human diseases may be modeled in animals to allow preclinical assessment of putative
new clinical interventions. Recent, highly publicized failures of large clinical trials called into …

Accumulating evidence suggests that α-synuclein (α-syn) occurs physiologically as a
helically folded tetramer that resists aggregation. However, the mechanisms underlying the …