Trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Down syndrome, DS) alters development of multiple
organ systems, including the face and underlying skeleton. Besides causing stigmata, these …

Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by skeletal and brain structural malformations,
cognitive impairment, altered hippocampal metabolite concentration and gene expression …

Up to 40% of congenital diseases present disturbances of brain and craniofacial development
resulting in simultaneous alterations of both systems. Currently, the best available method …

Altered skeletal development in Down syndrome (DS) results in a brachycephalic skull,
flattened face, shorter mandibular ramus, shorter limbs, and reduced bone mineral density (BMD)…

The brain and skeletal systems are intimately integrated during development through
common molecular pathways. This is evidenced by genetic disorders where brain and skull …

In individuals with Down syndrome (DS), cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases are the
most common health problem and result in increased mortality and morbidity. Although these …

In Down syndrome (DS), the overall genetic imbalance caused by trisomy of chromosome
21 leads to a complex pleiotropic phenotype that involves a recognizable set of facial traits. …

Trisomy of chromosome 21 in Down syndrome (DS) leads to intellectual disability, craniofacial
and skeletal dysmorphologies. As in many neurodevelopmental disorders, the DS …

Down syndrome (DS) is a congenital disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. The
genetic imbalance results in intellectual disability, but also alters the development of different …

… , González-Colom, et al., 2022 ), and altered the integration between the skull and the
brain (Llambrich, González, et al., 2022 ). However, a lower dose of 30 mg/kg/day significantly …