Self-organizing neural organoids represent a promising in vitro platform with which to model
human development and disease 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 – 5 . However, organoids lack the connectivity …

Neurotransmitters play essential roles in regulating neural circuit dynamics both in the central
nervous system as well as at the peripheral, including the gastrointestinal tract 1 , 2 – 3 . …

Neurons in the cerebral cortex connect through descending pathways to hindbrain and spinal
cord to activate muscle and generate movement. Although components of this pathway …

Pluripotent stem cells show a remarkable ability to self-organize and differentiate in vitro in
three-dimensional aggregates, known as organoids or organ spheroids, and to recapitulate …

Human stem-cell-derived models provide the promise of accelerating our understanding of
brain disorders, but not knowing whether they possess the ability to mature beyond mid- to …

Genetic perturbations of cortical development can lead to neurodevelopmental disease,
including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To identify genomic regions crucial to corticogenesis, …

Cortico-striatal projections are critical components of forebrain circuitry that regulate
motivated behaviors. To enable the study of the human cortico-striatal pathway and how its …

The differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in three-dimensional cultures can recapitulate
key aspects of brain development, but protocols are prone to variable results. Here we …

Self-organizing three-dimensional cellular models derived from human pluripotent stem
cells or primary tissue have great potential to provide insights into how the human nervous …

The ability to generate region-specific three-dimensional (3D) models to study human brain
development offers great promise for understanding the nervous system in both healthy …