A variety of commercially available three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging systems are
currently in use by craniofacial specialists. Little is known, however, about how measurement …

Objective To determine the precision and accuracy of facial anthropometric measurements
obtained through digital three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry. Design Nineteen standard …

The use of 3D surface imaging technology is becoming increasingly common in craniofacial
clinics and research centers. Due to fast capture speeds and ease of use, 3D digital …

Genome-wide association scans of complex multipartite traits like the human face typically
use preselected phenotypic measures. Here we report a data-driven approach to …

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is a complex trait with evidence that the clinical
spectrum includes both microform and subepithelial lip defects. We identified missense and …

Orofacial clefts (OFCs), which include non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P),
are among the most common birth defects in humans, affecting approximately 1 in 700 …

Numerous lines of evidence point to a genetic basis for facial morphology in humans, yet little
is known about how specific genetic variants relate to the phenotypic expression of many …

Nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (OFCs) are a heterogeneous group of common craniofacial
birth defects with complex etiologies that include genetic and environmental risk factors. OFCs …

Cleft palate (CP) is a common birth defect occurring in 1 in 2,500 live births. Approximately
half of infants with CP have a syndromic form, exhibiting other physical and cognitive …

Numerous studies report an increased frequency of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) in
schizophrenic individuals compared with controls. However, these studies vary considerably …