BACKGROUND The idea that memory is stored as enduring changes in the brain dates
back at least to the time of Plato and Aristotle (circa 350 BCE), but its scientific articulation …

Memories for events are thought to be represented in sparse, distributed neuronal ensembles
(or engrams). In this article, we review how neurons are chosen to become part of a …

Competition between neurons is necessary for refining neural circuits during development
and may be important for selecting the neurons that participate in encoding memories in the …

Memories are thought to be encoded by sparsely distributed groups of neurons. However,
identifying the precise neurons supporting a given memory (the memory trace) has been a …

Memory retrieval is not a passive phenomenon. Instead, it triggers a number of processes
that either reinforce or alter stored information. Retrieval is thought to activate a second …

The cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors is
thought to be critical in memory formation. To define the role of CREB in distinct memory …

Throughout life, new neurons are continuously added to the dentate gyrus. As this continuous
addition remodels hippocampal circuits, computational models predict that neurogenesis …

Many attempts have been made to localize the physical trace of a memory, or engram, in the
brain. However, until recently, engrams have remained largely elusive. In this Review, we …

At least two temporally and mechanistically distinct forms of memory are conserved across
many species: short-term memory that persists minutes to hours after training and long-term …

Accumulating evidence suggests that global depletion of adult hippocampal neurogenesis
influences its function and that the timing of the depletion affects the deficits. However, the …