De novo protein design holds promise for creating small stable proteins with shapes customized
to bind therapeutic targets. We describe a massively parallel approach for designing, …

Botulinum neurotoxins are known to have seven serotypes (BoNT/A–G). Here we report a
new BoNT serotype, tentatively named BoNT/X, which has the lowest sequence identity with …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), produced by various Clostridium strains, are a family of
potent bacterial toxins and potential bioterrorism agents. Here we report that an Enterococcus …

Potassium ion (K + ) homeostasis and dynamics play critical roles in biological activities.
Here we describe three genetically encoded K + indicators. KIRIN1 (potassium (K) ion …

Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA) is a major exotoxin contributing to disruption of the colonic
epithelium during C. difficile infection. TcdA contains a carbohydrate-binding combined …

Efficient penetration of cell membranes and specific targeting of a cell type represent major
challenges for developing therapeutics toward intracellular targets. One example facing …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are a family of bacterial toxins with seven major serotypes (BoNT/A–G).
The ability of these toxins to target and bind to motor nerve terminals is a key …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), produced by Clostridium botulinum, cleaves proteins involved
in neurotransmitter release, thereby triggering flaccid paralyses, which are responsible for …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent toxins known to man and a significant
threat as weapons of bioterrorism. BoNTs contain a metalloprotease domain that blocks …

The botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) causes muscle paralysis and is the most potent toxin in
nature. BoNT is associated with a complex of auxiliary “Non-Toxic” proteins, which constitute a …