Macrophages are endowed with a variety of receptors for lineage-determining growth factors,
T helper (Th) cell cytokines, and B cell, host, and microbial products. In tissues, …

The classical pathway of interferon-γ-dependent activation of macrophages by T helper 1 (T
H 1)-type responses is a well-established feature of cellular immunity to infection with …

Heterogeneity of the macrophage lineage has long been recognized and, in part, is a result
of the specialization of tissue macrophages in particular microenvironments. Circulating …

As we approach the centenary of Elie Metchnikoff's Nobel Prize (1908), it is opportune to
reflect upon the history of macrophage immunobiology, take stock of current knowledge and …

The concept of an alternative pathway of macrophage activation has stimulated interest in its
definition, mechanism, and functional significance in homeostasis and disease. We assess …

Antigen presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) express pattern recognition
molecules that are thought to recognize foreign ligands during early phases of the immune …

Microglial research has advanced considerably in recent decades yet has been constrained
by a rolling series of dichotomies such as "resting versus activated" and "M1 versus M2." …

It has been a century since the death of Élie Metchnikoff, who championed the role of
phagocytosis in cellular immunity. Whereas others had observed the uptake of particles by cells …

Macrophages are present as resident cells in adipose tissue, and blood monocytes are
recruited in increased numbers to sites of lipid accumulation in atherosclerosis, a modified form …

Description of macrophage activation is currently contentious and confusing. Like the biblical
Tower of Babel, macrophage activation encompasses a panoply of descriptors used in …