Pathogen pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) trigger innate immune responses to invading
pathogens. All known PRRs for viral RNA have extranuclear localization. However, for …

A rapid induction of antiviral genes is critical for eliminating viruses, which requires activated
transcription factors and opened chromatins to initiate transcription. However, it remains …

Toxoplasma gondii is an important neurotropic pathogen that establishes latent infections in
humans that can cause toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised individuals. It replicates …

Mitochondria not only serve as a platform for innate immune signaling transduction but also
enhance immune responses by releasing mitochondrial DNA and RNA into the cytoplasm. …

Systems composed of ultrafiltration (UF) pretreatment for seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO)
desalination are often termed “integrated membrane system” or “dual membrane system”. …

The innate immune system is the first line of host defense, which responds rapidly to viral
infection. Innate recognition of viruses is mediated by a set of pattern recognition receptors (…

RNA and protein are interconnected biomolecules that can influence each other’s life cycles
and functions through physical interactions. Abnormal RNA–protein interactions lead to cell …

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, characterized by relapsing
and remitting colon mucosal inflammation. For patients suffering from UC, a higher risk of …

Regulation of chromatin structure and accessibility determines the transcription activities of
genes, which endows the host with function-specific patterns of gene expression. Upon viral …

Mitochondria serve as a platform for innate immune signaling transduction, and mitochondrial
antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is essential for interferon-β (IFN-β) production and …