Increasing evidence points to biological sex as an important factor in the development and
phenotypical expression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Risk of developing PD is twice as high …

Increased levels of extracellular glutamate and hyperactivation of glutamatergic receptors in
the basal ganglia trigger a critical cascade of events involving both intracellular pathways …

The underlying relation between Parkinson's disease (PD) etiopathology and its major risk
factor, aging, is largely unknown. In light of the causative link between genome stability and …

Autophagy is an essential catabolic mechanism that delivers misfolded proteins and
damaged organelles to the lysosome for degradation. Autophagy pathways include …

Heterozygous mutations of the GBA1 gene, encoding for lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase
(GCase), occur in a considerable percentage of all patients with sporadic Parkinson’s …

The involvement of DNA damage and repair in aging processes is well established. Aging
is an unequivocal risk factor for chronic neurodegenerative diseases, underscoring the …

Glucocerebrosidase is a lysosomal enzyme. The characterization of a direct link between
mutations in the gene coding for glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) with the development of …

Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is frequently associated with gastrointestinal (GI)
symptoms, including constipation and defecatory dysfunctions. The mechanisms underlying …

Intensive research efforts in the field of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are focusing on identifying
reliable biomarkers which possibly help physicians in predicting disease onset, diagnosis, …

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of
dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta, leading to classical PD motor …