The atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( p CO 2 ) will almost certainly be double
that of pre-industrial levels by 2100 and will be considerably higher than at any time during …

mRNA degradation represents a critical regulated step in gene expression. Although the
major pathways in turnover have been identified, accounting for disparate half-lives has been …

Over the next century, elevated quantities of atmospheric CO 2 are expected to penetrate
into the oceans, causing a reduction in pH (−0.3/−0.4 pH unit in the surface ocean) and in the …

Telomeric TG-rich repeats and their associated proteins protect the termini of eukaryotic
chromosomes from end-to-end fusions. Associated with the cap structure at yeast telomeres is a …

The effects of elevated partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) and temperature, alone and in
combination, on survival, calcification and dissolution were investigated in the crustose coralline …

We report direct force measurements of the formation of a chemical bond. The experiments
were performed using a low-temperature atomic force microscope, a silicon tip, and a silicon (…

The mammalian Ku70 and Ku86 proteins form a heterodimer that binds to the ends of
double-stranded DNA in vitro and is required for repair of radiation-induced strand breaks and V(D)…

Cells normally grow to a certain size before they enter mitosis and divide. Entry into mitosis
depends on the activity of Cdk1, which is inhibited by the Wee1 kinase and activated by the …

The PAR-4 and PAR-1 kinases are necessary for the formation of the anterior–posterior (A–P)
axis in Caenorhabditis elegans 1 , 2 , 3 . PAR-1 is also required for A–P axis …

Many cells are able to orient themselves in a non-uniform environment by responding to
localized cues. This leads to a polarized cellular response, where the cell can either grow or …