To date, the only Neandertal genome that has been sequenced to high quality is from an
individual found in Southern Siberia. We sequenced the genome of a female Neandertal from ~…

Neanderthals and Denisovans are extinct groups of hominins that separated from each other
more than 390,000 years ago 1 , 2 . Here we present the genome of ‘Denisova 11’, a bone …

We sequenced the genome of a Neandertal from Chagyrskaya Cave in the Altai Mountains,
Russia, to 27-fold genomic coverage. We show that this Neandertal was a female and that …

Genomic analyses of Neanderthals have previously provided insights into their population
history and relationship to modern humans 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, but the social organization of …

Natural selection that affected modern humans early in their evolution has likely shaped some
of the traits that set present-day humans apart from their closest extinct and living relatives…

Little is known about the population history of Neandertals over the hundreds of thousands
of years of their existence. We retrieved nuclear genomic sequences from two Neandertals, …

Genetic kinship of ancient individuals can provide insights into their culture and social hierarchy,
and is relevant for downstream genetic analyses. However, estimating relatedness from …

Contamination from present-day DNA is a fundamental issue when studying ancient DNA
from historical or archaeological material, and quantifying the amount of contamination is …

The Forbes’ Quarry and Devil’s Tower partial crania from Gibraltar are among the first Neanderthal
remains ever found. Here, we show that small amounts of ancient DNA are preserved …

Present‐day contamination can lead to false conclusions in ancient DNA studies. A number
of methods are available to estimate contamination, which use a variety of signals and are …