The visual system adapts to the magnitude of intensity fluctuations, and this process begins
in the retina. Following the switch from a low-contrast environment to one of high contrast, …

Retinal ganglion cells convey the visual image from the eye to the brain. They generally
encode local differences in space and changes in time rather than the raw image intensity. This …

An important task in vision is to detect objects moving within a stationary scene. During normal
viewing this is complicated by the presence of eye movements that continually scan the …

Our understanding of how mammalian sensory circuits are organized and develop has long
been hindered by the lack of genetic markers of neurons with discrete functions. Here, we …

Focused ultrasound has been shown to stimulate excitable cells, but the biophysical mechanisms
behind this phenomenon remain poorly understood. To provide additional insight, we …

Certain ganglion cells in the retina respond sensitively to differential motion between the
receptive field center and surround, as produced by an object moving over the background, but …

Focused ultrasound is a promising noninvasive technology for neural stimulation. Here we
use the isolated salamander retina to characterize the effect of ultrasound on an intact neural …

In the vertebrate inner retina, the second stage of the visual system, different components of
the visual scene are transformed, discarded, or selected before visual information is …

Understanding the circuit mechanisms of the visual code for natural scenes is a central goal
of sensory neuroscience. We show that a three-layer network model predicts retinal natural …

In multiple sensory systems, adaptation to the variance of a sensory input changes the
sensitivity, kinetics, and average response over timescales ranging from < 100 ms to tens of …