Food intake is regulated by the hypothalamus, including the melanocortin and neuropeptide
Y (NPY) systems in the arcuate nucleus 1 . The NPY Y2 receptor (Y2R), a putative inhibitory …

Nutritional deprivation suppresses immune function 1 , 2 , 3 . The cloning of the obese gene
and identification of its protein product leptin 4 has provided fundamental insight into the …

Background The gut hormone fragment peptide YY 3–36 (PYY) reduces appetite and food
intake when infused into subjects of normal weight. In common with the adipocyte hormone …

Ghrelin, a circulating growth hormone–releasing peptide derived from the stomach, stimulates
food intake. The lowest systemically effective orexigenic dose of ghrelin was investigated …

Objective: To study the effect of bariatric surgery on the entero-hypothalamic endocrine axis
of humans and rodents. Background: Bariatric surgery is the most effective obesity treatment …

Objective The colonic microbiota ferment dietary fibres, producing short chain fatty acids.
Recent evidence suggests that the short chain fatty acid propionate may play an important role …

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the downstream component of a protein kinase
cascade that acts as an intracellular energy sensor maintaining the energy balance within the …

Food intake, energy expenditure and body adiposity are homeostatically regulated. Central
and peripheral signals communicate information about the current state of energy balance to …

Objective: To evaluate the physiologic importance of the satiety gut hormones. Background:
Controversy surrounds the physiologic role of gut hormones in the control of appetite. …

Thymic atrophy is a prominent feature of malnutrition. Forty-eight hours’ starvation of normal
mice reduced the total thymocyte count to 13% of that observed in freely fed controls, …