Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has a key role in innate immunity by activating an inflammatory
signaling pathway. Free fatty acids (FFAs) stimulate adipose tissue inflammation through the …

… C for 15 min, then 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 C for 30 s, annealing at 55 C for 30 s and
final extension at 72 C for 30 s. Gapdh (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) was …

… cycles of denaturation at 94 C for 30 s, and extension at 72 C for 45 s, then a final extension
at 72 C for 10 min. Primer annealing was for 45 s and appropriate temperature used for each …

Current techniques for making transgenic mice are cumbersome, requiring trained personnel,
costly infrastructure and collection of many zygotes from mice that are then killed. We …

Macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue during obesity and their phenotypic conversion
from anti-inflammatory M2 to proinflammatory M1 subtype significantly contributes to develop …

Microinjection of foreign DNA in male pronucleus by in-vitro embryo manipulation is difficult
but remains the method of choice for generating transgenic animals. Other procedures, …

Transcriptional activation of diverse cellular genes by the X protein (HBx) of hepatitis B virus
(HBV) has been suggested as one of the mechanisms for HBV-associated hepatocellular …

FSH and Testosterone (T) regulate spermatogenesis via testicular Sertoli cells (Sc), which
bear receptors for these hormones. Despite sufficient circulating levels of FSH and T …

The synergistic actions of Testosterone (T) and FSH via testicular Sertoli cells (Sc) regulate
male fertility. We have previously reported that the actions of these hormones (T and FSH) in …

Obesity induced insulin resistance is primarily regulated by the inhibitory phosphorylation of
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ at serine 273 (PPARγS273) which has been …