The axons of the sensory, or afferent, vagus nerve transmit action potentials to the central
nervous system in response to changes in the body’s metabolic and physiological status. …

Inflammation, the body’s primary defensive response system to injury and infection, is triggered
by molecular signatures of microbes and tissue injury. These molecules also stimulate …

Background Severe COVID-19 is characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokine release syndrome
(cytokine storm) which causes high morbidity and mortality. Recent observational and …

Multicellular organisms have co-evolved with complex consortia of viruses, bacteria, fungi
and parasites, collectively referred to as the microbiota 1 . In mammals, changes in the …

Background The vagus nerve plays an important role in the regulation of organ function,
including reflex pathways that regulate immunity and inflammation. Recent studies using …

Background Electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves is a widely used technique to treat a
variety of conditions including chronic pain, motor impairment, headaches, and epilepsy. …

The nervous system maintains physiological homeostasis through reflex pathways that
modulate organ function. This process begins when changes in the internal milieu (eg, blood …

Tools for noninvasively modulating neural signaling in peripheral organs will advance the
study of nerves and their effect on homeostasis and disease. Herein, we demonstrate a …

In the brain, compact clusters of neuron cell bodies, termed nuclei, are essential for
maintaining parameters of host physiology within a narrow range optimal for health. Neurons …

Peripheral neurons that sense glucose relay signals of glucose availability to integrative
clusters of neurons in the brain. However, the roles of such signalling pathways in the …