B cells are essential for humoral immunity, but the role that they have in regulating CD4 + T
cell responses remains controversial. However, new data showing that the transient …

Secondary lymphoid organs develop during embryogenesis or in the first few weeks after
birth according to a highly coordinated series of interactions between newly emerging …

Ectopic or tertiary lymphoid tissues develop at sites of inflammation or infection in peripheral,
non-lymphoid organs. These tissues are architecturally similar to conventional secondary …

Interferon-γ is key in limiting Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Here we show that
vaccination triggered an accelerated interferon-γ response by CD4 + T cells in the lung during …

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is occasionally found in the lungs of mice and
humans; however, its role in respiratory immunity is unknown. Here we show that mice …

A diverse T cell repertoire is essential for a vigorous immune response to new infections, and
decreasing repertoire diversity has been implicated in the age-associated decline in CD8 T …

Cyclic ADP-ribose is believed to be an important calcium-mobilizing second messenger in
invertebrate, mammalian and plant cells. CD38, the best-characterized mammalian ADP-…

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells promote T cell-dependent humoral immune responses by
providing T cell help to B cells and by promoting germinal center (GC) formation and long-lived …

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) was originally described as a mucosal lymphoid
organ in the lungs of some species. However, while the lungs of naive mice and humans …

Ectopic or tertiary lymphoid tissues, such as inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
(iBALT), form in nonlymphoid organs after local infection or inflammation. However, the …