It is thought that inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P 3 )-Ca 2+ signalling has a function
in dorsoventral axis formation in Xenopus embryos 1 , 2 , 3 ; however, the immediate target of …

Synapses store information by long-lasting modifications of their structure and molecular
composition, but the precise chronology of these changes has not been studied at single-…

Members of the Wnt signaling family are important mediators of numerous developmental
events, including activity-dependent dendrite development, but the pathways regulating …

Neuronal activity augments maturation of mushroom-shaped spines to form excitatory
synapses, thereby strengthening synaptic transmission. We have delineated a Ca 2+ -signaling …

Intracellular Ca 2+ and protein phosphorylation play pivotal roles in long-term potentiation (LTP),
a cellular model of learning and memory. Ca 2+ regulates multiple intracellular …

Formation of the human brain during embryonic and postnatal development is an extraordinarily
complex process resulting at maturity in billions of neurons with trillions of specialized …

Long-term synaptic plasticity requires a mechanism that converts short Ca 2+ pulses into
persistent biochemical signaling to maintain changes in the synaptic structure and function. …

Functionality of neurons is dependent on their compartmentalized polarization of dendrites
and an axon. The rapid and selective outgrowth of one neurite, relative to the others, to form …

Most excitatory synapses reside on small protrusions located on the dendritic shaft of neurons
called dendritic spines. Neuronal activity regulates the number and structure of spines in …

Synaptic plasticity plays a crucial role in memory formation by regulating the communication
between neurons. Although actin polymerization has been linked to synaptic plasticity and …