Recent progress in understanding the diversity of midbrain dopamine neurons has
highlighted the importance—and the challenges—of defining mammalian neuronal cell types. …

Anxiety-related conditions are among the most difficult neuropsychiatric diseases to treat
pharmacologically, but respond to cognitive therapies. There has therefore been interest in …

Real-time activity measurements from multiple specific cell populations and projections are
likely to be important for understanding the brain as a dynamical system. Here we developed …

A marked bias towards risk aversion has been observed in nearly every species tested 1 , 2
, 3 , 4 . A minority of individuals, however, instead seem to prefer risk (repeatedly choosing …

Plasticity of excitatory synapses onto striatal projection neurons (MSNs) has the potential to
regulate motor function by setting the gain on signals driving both direct- and indirect-…

Prolonged behavioral challenges can cause animals to switch from active to passive coping
strategies to manage effort-expenditure during stress; such normally adaptive behavioral …

Communication, the effective delivery of information, is fundamental to life across all scales
and species. Nervous systems (by necessity) may be most specifically adapted among …

Highlights • Reward Prediction Error (RPE) remains a compelling theory accounting for VTA
dopamine neuron activity • RPE theory now incorporates sensory prediction errors, …

The central amygdala (CeA) orchestrates adaptive responses to emotional events. While
CeA substrates for defensive behaviors have been studied extensively, CeA circuits for …

Fiber photometry (FP) is an adaptable method for recording in vivo neural activity in freely
behaving animals. It has become a popular tool in neuroscience due to its ease of use, low …