Background Leishmaniases are parasitic diseases present worldwide that are transmitted to
the vertebrate host by the bite of an infected sand fly during a blood feeding. Phlebotomine …

Background Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are medically important vectors of human
and veterinary disease-causing agents. Among these, the genus Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: …

The protozoan parasite Leishmania possesses a single flagellum, which is remodelled during
the parasite’s life cycle from a long motile flagellum in promastigote forms in the sand fly to …

Background Human visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani is considered
an anthroponosis; however, Leishmania-infected animals have been increasingly reported in …

Leishmania infantum causes visceral leishmaniasis, a deadly vector-borne disease introduced
to the Americas during the colonial era. This non-native trypanosomatid parasite has …

Leishmania parasites are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by female phlebotomine sand flies
as they bloodfeed by lacerating the upper capillaries of the dermis with their barbed …

The co-infection cases involving dixenous Leishmania spp. (mostly of the L. donovani
complex) and presumably monoxenous trypanosomatids in immunocompromised mammalian …

Background Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of Leishmania parasites. During blood
feeding, sand flies deposit into the host skin immunogenic salivary proteins which elicit specific …

Many of the currently available anti-parasitic and anti-fungal frontline drugs have severe
limitations, including adverse side effects, complex administration, and increasing occurrence of …

Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis are the most important causative agents of leishmaniases …