Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infection of the respiratory tract that emerged
in late 2019 1 , 2 . Initial outbreaks in China involved 13.8% of cases with severe courses…

As children are under-represented in current studies aiming to analyse transmission of
SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), their contribution to transmission is unclear. Viral load, as …

Smallpox eradication, coordinated by the WHO and certified 40 years ago, led to the cessation
of routine smallpox vaccination in most countries. It is estimated that over 70% of the world…

INTRODUCTION Although post facto studies have revealed the importance of severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission from presymptomatic, …

Antigenic and genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin of ∼13,000 human influenza A (H3N2)
viruses from six continents during 2002–2007 revealed that there was continuous circulation …

The global emergence of many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
variants jeopardizes the protective antiviral immunity induced after infection or …

Annual influenza epidemics in humans affect 5–15% of the population, causing an estimated
half million deaths worldwide per year [Stohr K. Influenza—WHO cares. Lancet Infectious …

During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic,
multiple variants escaping preexisting immunity emerged, causing reinfections of previously …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of human hepatitis. There is considerable uncertainty
about the timescale of its evolution and its association with humans. Here we present 12 …

Variant BA.2.86 and its descendant, JN.1, of SARS-CoV-2 are rising in incidence across
Europe and globally. We isolated recent JN.1, BA.2.86, EG.5, XBB.1.5 and earlier variants. We …