The temporal pairing of a neutral stimulus with a reinforcer (reward or punishment) can lead
to classical conditioning, a simple form of learning in which the animal assigns a value (…

The neuromodulatory function of dopamine (DA) is an inherent feature of nervous systems
of all animals. To learn more about the function of neural DA in Drosophila, we generated …

During classical conditioning, a positive or negative value is assigned to a previously neutral
stimulus, thereby changing its significance for behavior. If an odor is associated with a …

The Drosophila larva has turned into a particularly simple model system for studying the
neuronal basis of innate behaviors and higher brain functions. Neuronal networks involved in …

Parkinson’s disease (PD) results from a progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic
nigrostriatal system leading to a decline in movement control, with resting tremor, rigidity and …

Expression of the human Parkinson-disease-associated protein α-synuclein in all
Drosophila neurons induces progressive locomotor deficits. Here, we identify a group of 15 …

Animal behavior is, on the one hand, controlled by neuronal circuits that integrate external
sensory stimuli and induce appropriate motor responses. On the other hand, stimulus-evoked …

Long-term exposure to environmental oxidative stressors, like the herbicide paraquat (PQ),
has been linked to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), the most frequent …

Startle-induced locomotion is commonly used in Drosophila research to monitor locomotor
reactivity and its progressive decline with age or under various neuropathological conditions. …

Light has profound behavioral effects on almost all animals, and nocturnal animals show
sensitivity to extremely low light levels [1–4]. Crepuscular, ie, dawn/dusk-active animals such as …