As the tissue macrophages of the CNS, microglia are critically involved in diseases of the
CNS. However, it remains unknown what controls their maturation and activation under …

A new system for lineage ablation is based on transgenic expression of a diphtheria toxin
receptor (DTR) in mouse cells and application of diphtheria toxin (DT). To streamline this …

Multiple hormones controlling energy homeostasis regulate the expression of neuropeptide
Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. …

Memories are thought to be encoded by sparsely distributed groups of neurons. However,
identifying the precise neurons supporting a given memory (the memory trace) has been a …

Lately, IL-17-secreting Th cells have received an overwhelming amount of attention and are
now widely held to be the major pathogenic population in autoimmune diseases. In …

The differentiation of follicular dendritic cells (FDC) is essential to the remarkable
microanatomic plasticity of lymphoid follicles. Here we show that FDC arise from ubiquitous …

Primary liver cancer represents a major health problem. It comprises hepatocellular carcinoma
(HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), which differ markedly with regards to …

The specific functions of dopamine D 2 receptor–positive (D 2 R) striatopallidal neurons
remain poorly understood. Using a genetic mouse model, we found that ablation of D 2 R …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain immune homeostasis and prevent inflammatory and
autoimmune responses. During development, thymocytes bearing a moderately self-reactive T …

IL-17–producing CD8 + T (Tc17) cells are detectible in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions;
however, their contribution to the disease is unknown. To identify functions of Tc17 cells, we …