Avian influenza A viruses rarely infect humans; however, when human infection and subsequent
human-to-human transmission occurs, worldwide outbreaks (pandemics) can result. …

Many enveloped viruses induce multinucleated cells (syncytia), reflective of membrane
fusion events caused by the same machinery that underlies viral entry. These syncytia are …

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the causative agent of classical swine fever (CSF), a
highly contagious disease of pigs. There are numerous CSFV strains that differ in virulence, …

Dengue is caused by four genetically distinct viral serotypes, dengue virus (DENV) 1-4.
Following transmission by Aedes mosquitoes, DENV can cause a broad spectrum of clinically …

In late 2022, SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants have become highly diversified, and XBB is
spreading rapidly around the world. Our phylogenetic analyses suggested that XBB …

After the global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, some BA.2 subvariants, including
BA.2.9.1, BA.2.11, BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5, emerged in multiple countries. Our statistical …

In late 2022, various Omicron subvariants emerged and cocirculated worldwide. These
variants convergently acquired amino acid substitutions at critical residues in the spike protein, …

miR-122, a liver-specific microRNA, is one of the determinants for liver tropism of hepatitis C
virus (HCV) infection. Although miR-122 is required for efficient propagation of HCV, we …

In late 2023, several SARS-CoV-2 XBB descendants, notably EG.5.1, were predominant
worldwide. However, a distinct SARS-CoV-2 lineage, the BA.2.86 variant, also emerged. BA.…

Several vaccines have been widely used to counteract the global pandemic caused by
SARS-CoV-2. However, due to the rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), …