The class 2 type V CRISPR effector Cas12 is thought to have evolved from the IS200/IS605
superfamily of transposon-associated TnpB proteins 1 . Recent studies have identified TnpB …

ChRmine, a recently discovered pump-like cation-conducting channelrhodopsin, exhibits
puzzling properties (large photocurrents, red-shifted spectrum, and extreme light sensitivity) …

RNA-guided DNA endonucleases derived from CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems are
widely used as powerful genome-engineering tools. Among the diverse CRISPR-Cas …

The variety of taste sensations, including sweet, umami, bitter, sour, and salty, arises from
diverse taste cells, each of which expresses specific taste sensor molecules and associated …

Transmembrane channel-like (TMC) 1 and 2 are required for the mechanotransduction of
mouse inner ear hair cells and localize to the site of mechanotransduction in mouse hair cell …

The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1 or SLC7A5) transports large neutral amino acids
across the membrane and is crucial for brain drug delivery and tumor growth. LAT1 forms a …

Endogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) bind to the
parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTH1R) and activate the stimulatory G-protein (Gs) signaling …

Maintenance of cell volume against osmotic change is crucial for proper cell functions.
Leucine-rich repeat-containing 8 proteins are anion-selective channels that extrude anions to …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) generally accommodate specific ligands in the
orthosteric-binding pockets. Ligand binding triggers a receptor allosteric conformational change …

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are microbial light-gated ion channels utilized in optogenetics to
control neural activity with light . Light absorption causes retinal chromophore isomerization …