Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a complex genetic disorder of the developing forebrain
characterized by high phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. HPE was initially defined as an …

To determine the functions of retinoic acid receptors RAR and RXR, we have systematically
knocked-out their genes by homologous recombination in the embryonic stem cells and …

Holoprosencephaly (HPE), the most common developmental defect of the forebrain and
midface, is caused by a failure of midline cleavage early in gestation. Isolated HPE, which is …

We describe here the analysis of congenital malformations in compound mutant fetuses
bearing null alleles in one RXR (α β or γ) and one RAR (α β or γ) isotype gene. A marked …

In the adult mouse, single and compound null mutations in the genes for retinoic acid receptor
β and retinoid X receptors β and γ resulted in locomotor defects related to dysfunction of …

The retinoic acid (RA) signal, produced locally from vitamin A by retinaldehyde dehydrogenase
(Raldh) and transduced by the nuclear receptors for retinoids (RA receptor and 9-cis-RA …

Using genetic approaches in the mouse, we show that the primary target tissue of retinoic
acid (RA) action during eye morphogenesis is not the retina nor the corneal ectoderm, which …

Several recent studies have shown that retinoic acid signalling is required for correct patterning
of the hindbrain. However, the data from these studies are disparate and the precise role …

Animal SWI2/SNF2 protein complexes containing either the brahma (BRM) or brahma-related
gene 1 (BRG1) ATPase are involved in nucleosome remodelling and may control the …

Mouse fetuses carrying targeted inactivations of both the RARα and the RARβ genes display
a variety of malformations in structures known to be partially derived from the mesenchymal …