Besides protection against specific microorganisms, vaccines can induce heterologous or
non-specific effects (NSE). Epidemiological data suggest that vaccination with live-attenuated …

Background Some individuals, even when heavily exposed to an infectious tuberculosis
patient, develop neither active nor latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). This ‘early clearance’ of …

The tuberculosis (TB) vaccine Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) was introduced 100 years
ago, but as it provides insufficient protection against TB disease, especially in adults, new …

Induction of trained immunity by Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination mediates
beneficial heterologous effects, but the mechanisms underlying its persistence and magnitude …

The tuberculosis vaccine bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) protects against some heterologous
infections, probably via induction of non-specific innate immune memory in monocytes …

Non-specific protective effects of certain vaccines have been reported, and long-term
boosting of innate immunity, termed trained immunity, has been proposed as one of the …

BACKGROUND Induction of innate immune memory, also termed trained immunity, by the
antituberculosis vaccine bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) contributes to protection against …

BACKGROUND The antituberculosis vaccine bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) reduces
overall infant mortality. Induction of innate immune memory, also termed trained immunity, …

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induces long-term boosting of innate immunity, termed
trained immunity, and decreases susceptibility to respiratory tract infections. BCG vaccination …

Background Metformin, the most widely administered diabetes drug, has been proposed as
a candidate adjunctive host-directed therapy for tuberculosis, but little is known about its …