In excitatory neurons, most glutamatergic synapses are made on the heads of dendritic
spines, each of which houses the postsynaptic terminal of a single glutamatergic synapse. We …

Mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes lead to tuberous sclerosis complex
(TSC), a dominant hamartomatous disorder that often presents with mental retardation, …

Dopamine (DA) D 2 receptors expressed in DA neurons (D 2 autoreceptors) exert a negative
feedback regulation that reduces DA neuron firing, DA synthesis and DA release. As D 2 …

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are key mediators of certain forms of synaptic plasticity and
learning. NMDAR complexes are heteromers composed of an obligatory GluN1 subunit and one …

A hallmark of addiction is the loss of control over drug intake, which is seen in only a fraction
of those exposed to stimulant drugs such as cocaine. The cellular mechanisms underlying …

In this paper, we present evidence of strong relationships between traffic flow conditions
and the likelihood of traffic accidents (crashes), by type of crash. Traffic flow variables are …

This Perspective will examine the organization of intrastriatal circuitry, review recent findings
in this area, and discuss how the pattern of connectivity between striatal neurons might give …

Objective: Research is increasingly linking autism spectrum disorders and other
neurodevelopmental disorders to synaptic abnormalities (“synaptopathies”). PSD-95 (postsynaptic …

The persistence of negative affect in pain leads to co-morbid symptoms such as anhedonia
and depression—major health issues in the United States. The neuronal circuitry and …

Striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) form inhibitory synapses on neighboring striatal
neurons through axon collaterals. The functional relevance of this lateral inhibition and its …