Although exogeneous “danger” signals such as LPS can activate APC to produce a Th1
response, the nature of events initiating a Th2 response is controversial. We now show that …

Filarial nematodes, parasites of vertebrates, including humans, secrete immunomodulatory
molecules into the host environment. We have previously demonstrated that one such …

Atopic allergy is characterized by an increase in IgE antibodies that signal through the high-affinity
Fcε receptor (FcεRI) to induce the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells. …

Understanding modulation of the host immune system by pathogens offers rich therapeutic
potential. Parasitic filarial nematodes are often tolerated in human hosts for decades with little …

Parasitic helminths release molecules into their environment, which are generally referred
to as excretory-secretory products or ES. ES derived from a wide range of nematodes, …

Helminths may protect humans against allergic and autoimmune diseases and, indeed,
defined helminth-derived products have recently been shown to prevent the development of …

Phosphorylcholine (PC) is a structural component of a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
pathogens. In some cases, PC in infectious agents can benefit the infected host due to its …

Bioactive interleukin (IL)‐12 is a 70 000‐molecular weight (MW) heterodimeric cytokine
comprising p40 and p35 chains. However, p40 can also form homodimers that antagonize …

Parasite survival and host health may depend on the ability of the parasite to modulate the
host immune response by the release of immunomodulatory molecules. Excretory-secretory (…

Objective Among many survival strategies, parasitic worms secrete molecules that modulate
host immune responses. One such product, ES‐62, is protective against collagen‐induced …