The treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and of end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
imposes substantial societal costs. Expenditure is highest for renal replacement therapy (RRT), …

Background. The utility of renal biopsy in patients with diabetes is highly debated. Diabetics
with rapidly worsening renal disease are often ‘clinically’ labelled as having diabetic …

Background Although measurement of haemoglobin A1c has become the cornerstone for
diagnosing diabetes mellitus in routine clinical practice, the role of this biomarker in reflecting …

The achievement of a good glycaemic control is one of the cornerstones for preventing and
delaying progression of microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with both …

Hyponatraemia, defined as a serum sodium concentration <135 mmol/l, is the most common
disorder of body fluid and electrolyte balance encountered in clinical practice. It can lead to …

Despite an increasing incidence of acute kidney injury in both high-income and low-income
countries and growing insight into the causes and mechanisms of disease, few preventive …

CKD prevalence estimation is central to CKD management and prevention planning at the
population level. This study estimated CKD prevalence in the European adult general …

The broad clinical syndrome of acute kidney injury (AKI) encompasses various aetiologies,
including specific kidney diseases (eg acute interstitial nephritis), nonspecific conditions (eg …

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains associated with high morbidity and mortality,
despite progress in medical care. Although the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage …

Recently, the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) group has produced
comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for the management of anaemia in CKD patients. …