Activation of various cell surface receptors triggers the reorganization of downstream signaling
molecules into micrometer- or submicrometer-sized clusters. However, the functional …

Immune signalling pathways convert pathogenic stimuli into cytosolic events that lead to the
resolution of infection. Upon ligand engagement, immune receptors together with their …

Programmed cell death–1 (PD-1) is a coinhibitory receptor that suppresses T cell activation
and is an important cancer immunotherapy target. Upon activation by its ligand PD-L1, PD-1 …

The T cell receptor (TCR) pathway receives, processes, and amplifies the signal from pathogenic
antigens to the activation of T cells. Although major components in this pathway have …

Microvilli are finger-like membrane protrusions, supported by the actin cytoskeleton, and
found on almost all cell types. A growing body of evidence suggests that the dynamic …

As the targets of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–T cells expand to a variety of cancers,
autoimmune diseases, viral infections, and fibrosis, there is an increasing demand for …

In this work, absorbers with lightweight, low loading, and strong absorption capacity have
been made by biomass-derived carbon (BC) with magnetic alloy. Because of an innovative …

Porous carbon (PC) is a promising electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbing material thanks to
its light weight, large specific surface area as well as good dissipating capacity. To further …

The kinesin-8 family of microtubule motors plays a critical role in microtubule length control
in cells. These motors have complex effects on microtubule dynamics: they destabilize …

T cell signaling initiates upon the binding of peptide-loaded MHC (pMHC) on an antigen-presenting
cell to the T cell receptor (TCR) on a T cell. TCR phosphorylation in response to …