Exposure to addictive substances impairs flexible decision making. Cognitive flexibility is
mediated by striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs). However, how chronic alcohol drinking …

Auditory activity plays an important role in the development of the auditory system. Decreased
activity can result from conductive hearing loss (CHL) associated with otitis media, which …

Alcohol consumption alters glutamatergic transmission in many brain regions, including the
dorsomedial striatum (DMS); this aberrant plasticity is thought to be responsible for alcohol-…

Withdrawal from chronic opioid use often causes hypodopaminergic states and negative
affect, which may drive relapse. Direct-pathway medium spiny neurons (dMSNs) in the striatal …

In this study, a hybrid land-water-environment (LWE) model is developed for identifying
ecological effect and risk under uncertain precipitation in an agroforestry ecosystem. A simulation…

Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been wildly used as a primary medication in the treatment of solid
tumors including colorectal cancer. The treatment efficacy and toxicity of 5-FU varies greatly …

Multiple forms of homeostasis influence synaptic function under diverse activity conditions.
Both presynaptic and postsynaptic forms of homeostasis are important, but their relative …

Addictive substance use impairs cognitive flexibility, with unclear underlying mechanisms.
The reinforcement of substance use is mediated by the striatal direct-pathway medium spiny …

Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) synthesize and release
dopamine, a critical neurotransmitter for movement and learning. SNc dopamine neurons …

Aim: We sought to determine the relationship between cancer-related fatigue, chemotherapy-associated
adverse effects in patients with advanced stages of cancer, and the levels of …