Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling
is one of the most important intracellular pathways, which can be considered as a master …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential process in normal embryonic
development and tissue regeneration. However, aberrant reactivation of EMT is associated with …

Epigenetic alternations concern heritable yet reversible changes in histone or DNA modifications
that regulate gene activity beyond the underlying sequence. Epigenetic dysregulation …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a respiratory disease
called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the spread of which has led to a pandemic. …

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has brought about a great threat to global public
health. Recently, a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) …

Currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines are all designed for intramuscular (IM) immunization.
However, vaccination today failed to prevent the virus infection through the upper …

Tumors are comprised of both cancer cells and surrounding stromal components. As an
essential part of the tumor microenvironment, the tumor stroma is highly dynamic, …

The chemokine ligand CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 are implicated in the initiation and
progression of various cancers. CCL2 can activate tumour cell growth and proliferation through a …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has long been identified with its intensive involvement
in early embryonic development and organogenesis, immune supervision, tissue repair, and …

Poly(ɛ-caprolactone)–poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL–PEG) copolymers are important synthetic
biomedical materials with amphiphilicity, controlled biodegradability, and great …