The perspective that naive B-cell recognition of antigen in the absence of T-cell help causes
cell death or anergy is supported by in vivo studies of B cells that are continuously exposed …

Follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) restrict development of autoantibodies and autoimmunity
while supporting high-affinity foreign antigen-specific humoral response. However, whether Tfr …

Diverse B cell responses are important for generating antibody‐mediated protection against
highly variable pathogens. While some antigens can trigger T‐independent B cell …

Modern vaccines must be designed to generate long-lasting, high-affinity, and broadly
neutralizing Ab responses against pathogens. The diversity of B cell clones recruited into …

The innate immune system is the organism's first line of defense against pathogens. Pattern
recognition receptors (PRRs) are responsible for sensing the presence of pathogen-…

Follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) can play opposite roles in the regulation of germinal center (GC)
responses. Depending on the studies, Tfr suppress or support GC and B cell affinity …

Previous studies and our findings suggest upregulated expression of proinflammatory
chemokines CCL3/4 in germinal center (GC) centrocytes. However, the role of CCL3/4 for …

The 57-kb gonococcal genetic island (GGI) encodes a type IV secretion system (T4SS) that
is found in most strains of N. gonorrhoeae . This T4SS functions to secrete single-stranded …

Macrophages play a critical role in the innate immune response to pathogen infection, but
few tools exist for systematic dissection of these responses using modern genome-wide …

Memory B cells are long-lived cells that generate a more vigorous response upon recognition
of antigen (Ag) and T cell help than naïve B cells and ensure maintenance of durable …