Vitamin A or retinol is arguably the most multifunctional vitamin in the human body, as it is
essential from embryogenesis to adulthood. The pleiotropic effects of vitamin A are exerted …

During embryonic development, skeletal muscles arise from somites, which derive from the
presomitic mesoderm (PSM). Using PSM development as a guide, we establish conditions …

Progress toward finding a cure for muscle diseases has been slow because of the absence
of relevant cellular models and the lack of a reliable source of muscle progenitors for …

The segmental organization of the vertebral column is established early in embryogenesis,
when pairs of somites are rhythmically produced by the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). The …

The nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR α, β and γ) and their isoforms are ligand-dependent
regulators of transcription, which mediate the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (RA), the …

The skeletal muscle lineage derives from the embryonic paraxial mesoderm (PM) which
also gives rise to the axial skeleton, the dermis of the back, brown fat, meninges, and …

Satellite cells (SC) are muscle stem cells that can regenerate adult muscles upon injury. Most
SC originate from PAX7 + myogenic precursors set aside during development. Although …

Body skeletal muscles derive from the paraxial mesoderm, which forms in the posterior region
of the embryo. Using microarrays, we characterize novel mouse presomitic mesoderm (…

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating genetic disease leading to degeneration
of skeletal muscles and premature death. How dystrophin absence leads to muscle …

Electrical signalling in biology is typically associated with action potentials—transient spikes
in membrane voltage that return to baseline. Hodgkin–Huxley and related conductance-…